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In the late fifth century, a girl whose name has been forgotten by history was born at the edge of the Chinese empire. By the time of her death, she had transformed herself into Empress Dowager Ling, one of the most powerful politicians of her age and one of the first of many Buddhist women to wield incredible influence in dynastic East Asia. In this book, Stephanie Balkwill documents the Empress Dowager’s rise to power and life on the throne against the broader world of imperial China under the rule of the Northern Wei dynasty, a foreign people from Inner Asia who built their capital deep in the Chinese heartland.

Building on largely untapped Buddhist materials, Balkwill shows that the life and rule of the Empress Dowager is a larger story of the reinvention of religious, ethnic, and gender norms in a rapidly changing multicultural society. The Women Who Ruled China recovers the voices of those left out of the mainstream historical record, painting a compelling portrait of medieval Chinese society reinventing itself under the Empress Dowager’s leadership.

About the Author

Stephanie Balkwill is Assistant Professor of Chinese Buddhism in the Department of Asian Languages and Cultures at the University of California, Los Angeles, where she is also Associate Director of the Center for Buddhist Studies.

Reviews

“This book is truly groundbreaking in its focus, theoretical contributions, and methodological innovations. Stephanie Balkwill’s deft treatment of Buddhism, gender, and ethnic difference in the Northern Wei court of Empress Dowager Ling will surely serve as a model for other scholars.”—Megan Bryson, author of Goddess on the Frontier: Religion, Ethnicity, and Gender in Southwest China

“Balkwill’s penetrating scholarship greatly enlarges our understanding of two often-ignored and deeply intertwined aspects of rulership in East Asia: women and Buddhism. This book explores the powerful role that women played in Northern Wei politics and how Buddhism provided a new repertoire for enlarging their roles, especially in the more populist forms favored by the Empress Dowager. A revealing, thought-provoking read.”—Andrew Chittick, author of The Jiankang Empire in Chinese and World History

"Employing a wide range of sources, Balkwill persuasively argues that Dowager Empress Hu paved the way for Wu Zetian to become China’s only female emperor. Both pastoral nomadic customs, which respected female agency and authority, and Buddhism, which provided women with autonomy and leadership opportunities, created this new path to power."—Keith N. Knapp, Professor of East Asian History at The Citadel, the Military College of South Carolina