Table of Contents
Abbreviations
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Universalism and Governance
Julian the Emperor and Gregory the Theologian
Gregory and the Bishops
Julian and Gregory in Context
Part I
1. Nazianzus and the Eastern Empire, 330–361
Nazianzus and Gregory: The Personal and the Local
Constantinople: Emperor, Cosmopolis, and Cosmos
Constantius’s Triumph: Unity and Harmony, 358–360
Reversal: Constantius and Julian Augustus, 360–361
2. Julian, from Caesar to Augustus: Paris to Constantinople, 355–362
Toward Constantinople: From Caesar to Augustus, 360–361
Julian’s Concepts of Leadership: Philosopher and King
3. Philosopher, Leader, Priest: Julian in Constantinople, Spring 362
The Context of Julian’s Concepts of the True Philosophical Life
A Philosopher as Leader, in Julian’s Own Words: Against the Cynic Heraclius
A Universal Divinity for a Universal Empire; or, How to Interpret Myth: Hymn to the Mother of the Gods
How to Achieve True Philosophy: Against the Uneducated Cynics
The Law Regarding Teachers
Part II
4. On the True Philosophical Life and Ideal Christian Leadership: Gregory’s Inaugural Address, Oration 2
A High-Wire Act: The True Philosophical Life as the Model of Priesthood in Late Antiquity
The Codes of Aptitude
5. The Most Potent Pharmakon: Gregory the Elder and Nazianzus
The Other High-Wire Act: Fathers and Sons
The Royal Road: Gregory the Elder’s Opponents at Nazianzus
6. Armed like a Hoplite—Gregory the Political Philosopher at War: Eunomius, Photinus, and Julian
Oikeiosis pros Theon as Political Philosophy
The Enemy on the Inside: Photinus and Eunomius
What Do Words Mean?
Oikeiosis pros Theon: Oration 2 against Eunomius
Part III
7. A Health-Giving Star Shining on the East: Julian in Antioch, July 362 to March 363
The Emperor as Priest
Julian’s Divine Mandate
The Platonic Philosopher-King: The Misopogon and Julian’s Universal Vision
8. The Making of the Apostate: Gregory’s Oration 4 against Julian
The Pillar of Infamy: An Inverted Fürstenspiegel
Imperial Decrees and Divine Enactments: Julian and Constantius
9. A Bloodless Sacrifice of Words to the Word: Logoi for the Logos
Myth and Allegory
Logoi: The Theological Implications
Apostasis versus Theosis; or, True Oikeiosis pros Theon
Oration 6, On Peace: Unity and Concord
10. Gregory’s Second Strike, Oration 5
The Pagan Context
Gregory’s Second Strike against the Pagans
Procopius versus Valens
Conclusion: Visions of Rome
Governing the Oikoumene
Authority and Kinship of the Elites
Competing Universalisms
Notes
Bibliography
Index
