Table of Contents
FIGURES
INTRODUCTION
Kenneth S. Norris
CHAPTER 1 THE SPINNER DOLPHIN
Kenneth S. Norris, Bernd Wiirsig, and Randall S. Wells
WORLDWIDE DISTRIBUTION
HISTORY OF SPINNER DOLPHIN STUDY
ENVIRONMENT OF THE SPINNER DOLPHIN IN THE EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC
OCEANIC FAUNAL RADIATION
ADAPTATION TO LOCAL RESOURCES
VARIATION
ECOTYPES
POPULATION PATTERNS
LOCAL OCEANOGRAPHY
PATTERN
PHYSICAL VARIATION
BEHAVIORAL STUDIES
CHAPTER 2 THE ISLAND HABITAT
Randall S. Wells and Kenneth S. Norris
THE ISLAND OF HAWAII
OCEANOGRAPHIC CORRELATES
STRUCTURAL HYDROGRAPHY OF KEALAKE'AKUA BAY
BOTTOM TOPOGRAPHY AND DOLPHIN ABUNDANCE
AERIAL SURVEYS: LOCAL AND SEASONAL PATTERNS
SIGHTING EFFICIENCY
IS THERE AN ISLAND OF HAWAII SPINNER POPULATION?
Circumisland Movements
Rest Coves
The Spinner Population: Open or Closed?
CHAPTER 3 OBSERVING DOLPHINS UNDERWATER
Kenneth S. Norris and Randall S. Wells
METHODS OF OBSERVING DOLPHINS
UNDERWATER VIEWING VEHICLES
APPROACHING DOLPHINS
LISTENING
THE MOBILE OBSERVATION CHAMBER
THE MAKA ALA
THE SMYG TITTAR'N
CHAPTER 4 A SPINNER DOLPHIN'S DAY
Bernd Wursig, Randall S. Wells, Kenneth S. Norris, and Melany Wursig
METHODS OF OBSERVATION
AN OUTLINE OF THE DAILY CYCLE
BAY RESIDENCE PATTERNS
DESCENT INTO REST
REST
AWAKENING
ZIG-ZAG SWIMMING
SPREAD FORMATION
NIGHTTIME PATTERNS
THE QUESTION OF SCHOOL FLUIDITY
CHAPTER 5 AERIAL BEHAVIOR
Kenneth S. Norris, Bernd Wursig, and Randall S. Wells
CATEGORIES OF AERIAL BEHAVIOR
NOSE-OUTS AND FLUKE-OUTS
Nose-Outs
Fluke-Outs
SLAPS
Tail Slaps
Head Slaps and Back Slaps
LEAPS
Arcuate Leaps
Salmon Leaps
Tail-Over-Head Leaps
SPINS
PATTERNS OF OCCURRENCE
FUNCTIONS OF AERIAL PATTERNS
Remora Dislodgement
Sound and Bubble Production
OTHER CORRELATES OF AERIAL BEHAVIOR
CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER 6 POPULATION STRUCTURE
Bernd Wiirsig, Randall S. Wells, Melany Wiirsig, and Kenneth S. Norris
SCARS AND MARKS ANALYSIS
OCCUPANCY OF REST COVES
INDIVIDUAL IDENTIFICATION
ISLAND USE PATTERNS
ASSOCIATIONS
MOVEMENTS
ACCESSION RATE
POPULATION PATTERNS AND SEGREGATION
A POPULATION MODEL
COMPARISONS TO OTHER POPULATIONS
ABUNDANCE
PERSPECTIVES
CHAPTER 7 THE VISUAL DOMAIN
Kenneth S. Norris, Randall S. Wells, and Christine M. Johnson
DIURNAL LIGHT CYCLE
LIGHT SCATTERING
FLICKER
EFFECTS OF LIGHT INTENSITY ON SKIN
REFRACTION
THE DOLPHIN VISUAL SYSTEM
VISUAL PIGMENTS
VISUAL SIGNS, SIGNALS, AND VISUAL FIELDS
Visual Fields
Whole-Body Signals
The Pectoral Fin and Associated Patterns
Other Body Patterns
The Rostrum
Locomotory Signs
Sexual Pattern
CHAPTER 8 THE ACOUSTIC DOMAIN
Shannon M. Bnrwnlee and Kenneth S. Norris
THE ACOUSTIC ENVIRONMENT
Source Levels and Beam Characteristics
Distortion of the Sound Path, Transmission Losses, and Bubble Eflects
Target Strength
Ocean Noise
Detection Thresholds
SOUND EMISSION PATTERNS
Data Gathering
Classes of Sounds
Sounds and Behavior
INTERPRETATIONS OF ACOUSTIC SIGNALS
Whistles: The Phatic System
Classification of Message Types
Signature Whistles
Social Facilitation
Burst-Pulse Signals
CHAPTER 9 PATTERNS OF REPRODUCTION
Randall S. Wells and Kenneth S. Norris
PATTERNS OF CETACEAN REPRODUCTION
Gestation and Development
The Male Cycle
The Mating System
Mate Selection
The Female Cycle
Reproductive Seasonality
DETERMINANTS OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS
HORMONAL AND BEHAVIORAL CORRELATES OF REPRODUCTION
HORMONAL CYCLES OF HAWAIIAN SPINNERS
The Male Spinner
The Female Spinner
Behavioral Correlates
CHAPTER 10 LOCOMOTION
Kenneth S. Norris and Christine M. Johnson
CROSSOVER SPEED
PROPULSIVE PATTERN
AXIS OF LOCOMOTION
CHAPTER 11 BREATHING AT SEA
Kenneth S. Norris and Christine M. Johnson
BREATHING WHILE SWIMMING
BREATH HOLDING
SEPARATING FOOD AND AIR
PHONATION
PRESSURE EFFECTS
LUNG COLLAPSE
BREATHING AT SEA
Exhalation
Inhalation
Locating a Breathing Place
CHAPTER 12 FOOD AND FEEDING
Bernd Wursig, Randall S. Wells, and Kenneth S. Norris
MECHANICS OF FOOD CAPTURE AND HANDLING
The Cage Jaw
The Piston Tongue
Ingestion
OWNERSHIP OF PREY
DIET AND FEEDING DEPTH
RESOURCE PARTITIONING
THE TUNA-DOLPHIN BOND
THE FOOD OF HAWAIIAN SPINNER DOLPHINS
DIVING PATTERNS
CHAPTER 13 SCHOOLS AND SCHOOLING
Kenneth S. Norris and Christine M. Johnson
FUNCTIONING OF SCHOOLS
SCHOOL FORMATIONS
Echelon Formation
Sensory Windows
SENSORY INTEGRATION SYSTEM
Sensory Summation
Sensory Involvement
SCHOOL PATTERNS
THE QUESTION OF SCHOOL LEADERSHIP
RELATIONSHIP OF VISION TO DOLPHIN SCHOOLING
SCHOOL TIGHTENING AND SCHOOLING DISTANCE
SCHOOL BEHAVIOR IN RELATION TO ATTACK
ANTICIPATION
CONFUSION
CHAPTER 14 SOCIAL BEHAVIOR
Christine M. Johnson and Kenneth S. Norris
SCHOOL WARINESS AND HABITUATION
EPISODIC OR BOUT BEHAVIOR
Aerial Behavior Bouts
Caressing Bouts
Formation Swimming
Echolocation Bouts
DO DOLPHINS ECHOLOCATE ONE ANOTHER?
PARTNER SHARING AND EXCHANGE
MALE COALITIONS
MATING
BIRTH, NURTURE, AND JUVENILE GROUPS
CALF AND JUVENILE BEHAVIOR
PLAY
AGGRESSION AND DEFENSE
Open Mouth Contact
Threat Posture
Aggressive Encounters
Convergence Between Shark and Dolphin
Behavior/Structure
USES OF INTENSE SOUND
CHAPTER 15 PREDATORS, PARASITES, AND MULTISPECIES AGGREGATIONS
Kenneth S. Norris
PREDATION IN SHALLOW VERSUS OPEN SEAS
Predation in the Open Sea
Evidence from Hawaiian Spinners
MULTISPECIES AGGREGATIONS
DOLPHIN PREDATORS
THE COOKIE CUTTER SHARK
PARASITES
CHAPTER 16 COMPARATIVE VIEW OF CETACEAN
SOCIAL ECOLOGY, CULTURE, AND EVOLUTION
Kenneth S. Norris
INTRODUCTION
Defining Some Terms
Dolphin Variation
Rhythmic or Oscillatory Behavior
SELF-COMPENSATORY SYSTEMS
ARE SOCIOECOLOGIES EVOLUTIONARY ENTITIES?
THE ORIGIN OF CULTURES
COMPARISON OF MARINE AND TERRESTRIAL MAMMALS
ADAPTIVE RADIATION OF WARM WATER CETACEANS
SPINNER DOLPHIN SOCIETY
THREE-DIMENSIONAL SOCIETIES
ARTHROPOD SOCIETIES
TOWARD A MODEL FOR SOCIOECOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL EVOLUTION
SYSTEMIC NATURE OF THE PHENOTYPE AND THE ORIGIN OF COOPERATION
DEFINING THE PHENOTYPE
The Extended Phenotype
THE SOCIOECOLOGY: AN EXAMPLE OF AN EPIGENETIC SYSTEM
OSCILLATION OF BEHAVIOR STATES
Genetic Control of Oscillation
The Coexistence of Organizational Levels
ADAPTIVE RADIATION
THE CULTURAL SYSTEM
CULTURAL ASPECTS OF SEXUAL ROLES
THE FITNESS OF CULTURES
Play and Juvenility
Adolescence in Primates and Dolphins
COST ACCOUNTING
THE EMERGING SYSTEMIC VIEW OF EVOLUTION
CONCLUDING THOUGHTS ABOUT SPINNER DOLPHINS
OVERVIEW
APPENDIX A: THOSE WHO HELPED
APPENDIX B: MATERIALS AND METHODS
LITERATURE CITED
INDEX
